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Kadua fluviatilis

C.N.Forbes (1912)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Kadua

kamapua‘a [kamapuaa], pilo

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Scandent shrubs, foetid when bruised.

Stems: Stems terete (cylindrical), but slightly flattened, 3–25 dm long, glabrous, lateral branches short.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, usually widely spaced. Blades elliptic–oblanceolate to elliptic–lanceolate, sometimes broadly elliptic–oblanceolate, broadly elliptic, or ovate, (3.8–) 8–17(–23) cm long, (1.6–)3–5(–6) cm wide. Apex acuminate to caudate, somewhat falcate. Base cuneate. Surfaces glabrous, blades firm–chartaceous. Margins entire. Lateral veins raised on lower surface, higher order venation conspicuously reticulate. Petioles (0.5–)1–3(–4) cm long. Stipules broadly deltate, 5–6 mm long, adnate to petioles.

Flowers: Flowers 1 (–5) in reduced, axillary, cymose inflorescences, peduncles usually 5–8 mm long, adnate to stem at base or nearly throughout its length, pedicels quadrangular, usually 30– 55 mm long; hypanthium quadrangular-turbinate, ca. 3-4 mm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect) and pistillate; insect-pollinated. Calyx lobes deltate to narrowly ovate, (2–)12–18 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, somewhat enlarging in fruit to 10–20 mm long, 4–10 mm wide, with several small sac-like glands between corolla lobe sinuses. Corolla white, fleshy and waxy, salverform, enlarging slightly at the throat, the tube (13–)22–30 mm long, the limb depressed in bud, the lobes 8–20 mm long, inflexed in bud, spreading at anthesis, apex of each lobe with a slender appendage; nectary disc present. Stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla lobes, inserted in upper part of corolla tube; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or partly so, 2(-4)-locular; ovules few to numerous on fleshy placentas near middle of septum; style as many as carpels, cylindrical to filiform, terminal, slender, glabrous, deeply 2-lobed; stigma bilobed or subcapitate, included or exserted.

Fruit: Capsules woody; broadly turbinate to turbinate–globose; strongly quadrangular or winged; 8–13 mm long; 9–13 mm in diameter; dehiscing loculicidally across disk; pyrenes tardily separating septicidally; disk thick; somewhat raised; endocarp strongly sclerified. Seeds translucent reddish brown; cuneiform; sharply angled; minutely reticulate.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Mesic to wet forest.

Elevation Range: 60–1220 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

PROPAGATION/CULTIVATION

  • The fruit of Hedyotis fluviatilis is a woody capsule about 3/8 to 1/2 inch in diameter. It is more or less round, but with four flattened sides. When it matures, it opens up along its seams. The seeds are translucent reddish brown and wedge shaped.
  • Lilleeng-Rosenberger's notes document work with seeds of other endemic Hawaiian Hedyotis species. For fresh, untreated seeds of Hedyotis acuminata, she obtained a germination rate of 72%. With untreated seeds of Hedyotis terminalis that had been stored for 1 month, she obtained a germination percentage of 60%. The fruits of Hedyotis acuminata are woody capsules like those of Hedyotis fluviatilis. The fruit of Hedyotis terminalis are fleshy. The seeds of both of these species were sown on the surface of a moistened medium consisting of 3 parts perlite to 1 part Sunshine Mix #4.
  • In his germination studies, Obata found that untreated seeds of Hedyotis species had germination rates ranging from 30 to 75%. In work by Yoshinaga (1997), fresh seed of another Hawaiian species (Hedyotis terminalis) had a germination rate of 75%. Storage at room temperature or with desiccated silica gel greatly decreased the germination rate. However, the seeds retained a germination rate of 73% for over 2 years when stored in at 40 degrees F with an ambient relative humidity of 20-30%. (Lilleeng-Rosenberger 1996; Obata 1967; Wagner 1990; Yoshinaga 1997)
  • Lilleeng-Rosenberger's notes show a 60% rooting rate for cuttings treated with Hormex #1. She notes that the larger cuttings were the ones that rooted. The cuttings took 3 months to root. (Lilleeng-Rosenberger 1996) [Data from Herring, E. C., & Criley, R. A. (2003). The Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Web Site: Developing a Webbased Information Resource. HortTechnology, 13(3), 545-548. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/]

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 5: 6 (1912)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1142 (K, O [as Hedyotis fluviatilis]); Terrell et al. 2005:832/Kennedy et al. 2010:24 (Syn. H. fluviatilis = K. fluviatilis)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Selling, O. 3702 Oahu BISH 1938-09-27
2 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Leaves have unpleasant odor. Welch, D.A. Oahu BISH 1935-04-12
3 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1621 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
4 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 460 Kauai BISH 1913-09-01
5 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Ozaki, E.T. 1590 Oahu BISH 1956-11-26
6 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Herb; foetid when broken; veins pelluside; fls. white, slightly fragrant, lobes at right angles to tube, sinuses produced inward as conical points; apex of bud depressed Fosberg, F.R. 14128 Oahu BISH 1937-06-20
7 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1621 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
8 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Flowers white. Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1914-11-01
9 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hill, R. Oahu BISH 1985-07-14
10 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In wet region; associated with Cyrtandra, Touchardia, Metrosideros, Pipturus, Clermontia, Scaevola. Preserved_Specimen Straggling shrub; flowers white. Herbst, D.R. 1153 Oahu BISH 1968-06-20
11 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1621 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
12 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2200 Oahu BISH 1915-08-17
13 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1621 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
14 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 1240 Oahu BISH 1948-02-02
15 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Anderson, D. Oahu BISH 1939-09-12
16 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1914-10-01
17 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details 30 individuals along small drainage near NE corner rim of summit Preserved_Specimen Shrubs, in flower, corolla white Wood, K.R. 18450 Kauai BISH 2020-06-23
18 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1621 Oahu BISH 1910-12-17
19 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1914-10-31
20 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Koike, M. Oahu BISH 1931-02-15
21 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1984-07-20
22 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details 90% open shrubland/fernland with a 10% sparse tree cover w. Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma hawaiiense, Ilex anomala, Hibiscus kokio, Kadua affinis, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, Bidens valida, Kadua fluviatilis, Melicope feddei, Machaerina angustifolia approximately 400-500 plants along cliffs, some plants also seem around interior gulches on summit Preserved_Specimen Subshrubs or shrubs of 35-100cm tall, moderately branched, diffuse and trailing, stems and calyx green or tinged purple-red, flowers white, fruit black-purple Wood, K.R. 13715 Kauai BISH 2009-05-05
23 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Low growing wet forest Preserved_Specimen Scandent shrub; flowers very fragrant; corolla white Wagner, W.L. 5637 Oahu BISH 1985-09-08
24 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On shrub covered slope in rainy region Preserved_Specimen Fl odor extra foetid, lvs crushed extra foetid Degener, O. 4172 Oahu BISH 1931-10-04
25 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet forest. With Syzgium sandwicense, Machaerina angustifolia, Ilex anomala, Polyscias oahuensis, Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron platyphylla, Scaevola mollis, Antidesma platyphylla, Prit Preserved_Specimen Shrubs 1 - 2 meter ht with white flowers Perlman, S. 23734 Oahu BISH 2013-11-13
26 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in lowland mesic forest on rocky seep below a vertical drainage near puʻukānehoalani. Growing with Pandanus tectorius, Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Charpentiera tomentosa var. maakuaensis, Psidium cattleianum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Blechnum appendiculatum, Carex meyenii, Christella parasitica, Nephrolepis brownii, Adiantum hispidulum, and others. Preserved_Specimen Small vines growing out of wet rocks on cliff face. Leaves moslty 4 cm long by 1 cm diameter. Flowering branch on this sheet is from a cultivaed clone from this populaion. Thomas, M.K. 618 Oahu BISH 2024-01-03
27 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Forested bank Preserved_Specimen Leaves rugose. Degener, O. 20859 Oahu BISH 1950-08-27
28 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Side of muddy, rocky slope of small drainage. W/ Melinis minutiflora, Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens valida, Machaerina angustifolia, Spathoglottis plicata Preserved_Specimen Small shrub about 2 feet tall. Upper side of leaves glossy. Flowers tubular and white. Walsh, S. 154 Kauai BISH 2015-11-17
29 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moderately dry slope. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11734 Oahu BISH 1932-01-01
30 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Native forest. Preserved_Specimen Rockafellow, R. Oahu BISH 1956-08-12
31 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along stream bed. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 150 Oahu BISH 1930-02-16
32 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details N cliffs and slopes; 90% open shrub/fernland, 10% sparse tree cover; Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma hawaiiense, Ilex anomala, Hedyotis terminalis, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, Bidens valida, Hedyotis fluviatilis, Melicope feddei, Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium pinnatum Preserved_Specimen 1 m shrub, trailing branchrs, stems green; calyx green or tinged purple red Wood, K.R. 11433 Kauai BISH 2005-08-05
33 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet ledges, bank of creek. Preserved_Specimen Fls white, stem woody but tips & lvs. thick and somewhat fleshy. St.John, H. 11023 Oahu BISH 1931-02-15
34 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland wet shrubland with small pockets of mixed wet forest below ridgeline with Broussaisia arguta, Melicope feddei, Psychotria mariniana & P. wawrae, Kadua affinis, Antidesma platyphylla, Alyxia stellata, Syzygium sandwicensis, Duabutia laxa Preserved_Specimen shrub, few branched, corolla white, stems green, ca. 20 plants observed during rappel on east face of Iole peak, NTBG Acc. # Wood, K.R. 15259 Kauai BISH 2012-09-22
35 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details 90% open shrub/fernland, 10% sparse tree cover; Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma hawaiiense, Ilex anomala, Hedyotis terminalis, Tetraplasandra bisattenuata, Bidens valida, Hedyotis fluviatilis, Melicope feddei, Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis and Diplopterygium pinnatum Preserved_Specimen 75 cm shrub, trailing branches; few stems green; calyx green or tinged purple red; corolla white Wood, K.R. 11438 Kauai BISH 2005-08-06
36 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Dicranopteris linearis wet shrubland and forest. with Boehmeria grandis, Eragrostis variabilis, Machaerina angustifolia, Pipturus, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe pinnata, Hedychium gardnerianum, Psidium guajava, Ageratina riparia, Pluchea carolinen Preserved_Specimen Shrubs 1 m ht with flowers Perlman, S. 22871 Kauai BISH 2012-05-18
37 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details open shrubland, herbland, sparse tree cover; Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Cibotium glaucum, Sadleria pallida, Hedyotis terminalis, Psychotria mariniana, Antidesma platyphyllum, Bobea brevipes, Xylosma hawaiiense, Cheirodendron fauriei, Melicope feddei, Tetraplasandra Preserved_Specimen 1 m shrub, thickly branched; stems green, petiole yellow green; leaves glossy dark green or with purple tinge; costa yellow green; corolla white Wood, K.R. 11964 Kauai BISH 2006-07-14
38 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On uluhe covered slope with Myrsine juddii Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. Oahu BISH 1981-01-01
39 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On rocky substrate near the water level. Three populations noted in open; partially shaded and very wet area. Preserved_Specimen In flower. Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1993-09-19
40 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dark, wet gulch. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 13016 Oahu BISH 1940-07-04
41 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Rare, on moist wooded slope. Preserved_Specimen Climbing subshrub 2-7 ft tall, fls white. Hosaka, E.Y. 2376 Oahu BISH 1938-09-27
42 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In shade of Aleurites moluccana forest, forming sprawling sparingly-branched shrubs. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling sparingly-branched shrubs up to 3 ft high. Flowers greenish-white. Carlquist, S. 1801 Kauai BISH 1965-08-01
43 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist gully. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 566 Oahu BISH 1932-05-29
44 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet, N facing rock face in crevices. Associated species, relative abundance: Bidens, Rubus rosifolius. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 0.3 m high. Flowers waxy and white. Fruit a capsule. Gagné, W.C. 566 Kauai BISH 1970-08-30
45 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Botanical Garden. Cultivated. Preserved_Specimen Herb 25-30 cm tall, densely branched, leave medium green. Flowers with calyx green, corolla pure white, in bud with apex obtuse, not depressed. Cultivated, NTBG 060856.001. DNA Voucher. Lorence, D.H. 10103 Kauai BISH 2009-11-13
46 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along moist stream bed. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 836 Oahu BISH 1932-11-13
47 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist gulch. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 5 ft x 5/8 in. St.John, H. 23006 Kauai BISH 1947-12-24
48 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On stream bank, common with Boehmeria. Preserved_Specimen 2 m shrub with pendent branches. St.John, H. 23154 Kauai BISH 1947-12-31
49 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Low thicket Preserved_Specimen Shrub Stone, B.C. 1157 Oahu BISH 1955-09-24
50 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Metrosideros- Dicranopteris linnearis lowland mesic. Tetraplasandra, Freycinetia, Lobelia, Hibiscus, Sadleria, Pipturus, Antidesma, Bobea, Lantana, Melinis. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 12910 Kauai BISH 1992-07-27
51 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dark, wet gulch. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 13016 Oahu BISH 1940-07-04
52 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On shrub covered slope in rainy region. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 9429 Oahu BISH 1931-08-11
53 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Talus near base of cliff. Preserved_Specimen Fl. waxy white, 1 1/2 in across. Shrub 2.5 m high. MacDaniels, L.H. 877 Kauai BISH 1927-02-26
54 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On rock walls of streams. Preserved_Specimen Storey, W.B. 115 Oahu BISH 1931-02-15
55 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Near stream. Preserved_Specimen Hume, E.P. 85 Oahu BISH 1931-02-11
56 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Forested bank Preserved_Specimen Leaves rugose. Degener, O. 20859 Oahu BISH 1950-08-27
57 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Dicranopteris Shrubland Broussaisia arguta, Syzygium sandwicensis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Cibotium glaucum, Sadleria pallida, Bidens valida, Nephrolepis exaltata subsp. Hawaiiensis, Sphenomeris chinensis, K. acuminata, K. Preserved_Specimen Clumping on E side of dry drainage. 1 ft. tall. Flowers large white with sweet smell at 1630. Leaves decussate, w/ dk purple flecks, leathery, dark shiny green above and dull green below w/ raised venation. NTBG#120611 Tangalin, N. 3379 Kauai BISH 2012-10-05
58 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moist gulch. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 5 ft x 5/8 in. St.John, H. 23006 Kauai BISH 1947-12-24
59 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In shade of Metrosideros forest, with Broussaisia, Scaevola gaudichaudiana. Shrub, branches emerge through Dicranopteris mat. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, perhaps 3 ft tall. Carlquist, S. 2207 Oahu BISH 1966-08-22
60 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Cultivated Preserved_Specimen shrub, 25 cm tall, many branched stems green or with yellow-tinge, young leaves occasionally with purple tinge maturing green, corolla white Wood, K.R. 14725 Kauai BISH 2011-07-20
61 Kadua fluviatilis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen shrub with decumbent stems 50-60 cm long, leaves glossy above, with foetid odor when crushed; calyx green, corolla white, sweet fragrant, 9 am Lorence, D.H. 9178 Kauai BISH 2003-12-18
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